Measurements are immensely time-consuming and might take one to two days. This “instrument” is very expensive and not suitable for industry. However, a hydrostatic balance is a huge, complex apparatus with a concrete foundation that needs to be insulated and extensively temperature-controlled. Hydrostatic balance: Hydrostatic balances are used in special facilities, for example the National Bureau of Standards, because they are incredibly precise and reliable. gallon to Planck density (L³M) Units: Planck density (L³M) » show ». The origin of their definition comes only from properties of nature and not from any human construct. As is the case with pycnometers, a large sample amount is needed and the hydrometer can break easily. In physics, natural units are physical units of measurement based only on universal physical constants. However, the scale can easily be misread and a temperature correction is necessary. Hydrometer: Hydrometers are affordable and provide a very fast concentration measurement. The density of water is the weight of the water per its unit volume, which depends on the temperature of the water. All in all this method is quite time-consuming and it is only possible to determine the apparent density of the sample, so the buoyancy of air has to be compensated. Another drawback is the temperature control of the sample of which a large amount (up to 100 mL) is needed. However, to achieve highly accurate results a very skilled operator is needed as well as a very precise balance. Pycnometer: A pycnometer is an affordable measuring device that gives highly accurate measurement results. These points make this method very time-consuming and not user-friendly. Another drawback of titration is the use of aggressive chemicals and the need of costly consumables. Chinas crude steel production exceeds 1 billion tons, and the steel industry mainly uses the long process of blast furnace and converter 2, 3. Further, a special setup depending on each individual sample is needed. In 2021, the global crude steel production was 1.951 billion tons, whose proportion was 73.2 for converters and 26.3 for electric furnaces. A limited concentration range is covered, so the sample has to be diluted accordingly. Titration: A common disadvantage of titration is that it requires a skilled operator with chemical know-how. This refers to the extract content in the product, typically beer wort, and is more or less the same. This means that there are 700 mL of ethanol in 1 L solution.Ī common concentration unit in the brewing industry for describing the concentration of beer and wort is °Plato or ☋alling. In the pharmaceutical industry, for example, a disinfection solution may contain 70 % ethanol ( V/ V). This, of course, is a temperature-dependent unit. If you look at a bottle of beer, you will typically see the alcohol content reported in %V/V. While most industries use % weight/ weight, the alcohol industry mainly reports their concentration in % volume/ volume. Temperature can be ignored here, since temperature does not have any influence on weight or mass. One example: 5 % sulfuric acid means that there is 5 gram of sulfuric acid in 100 gram of the solution. Generally this means: gram of the component per 100 gram of the solution. In the chemical field concentrations are often reported in % weight/ weight or % mass/ mass.
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